p. 24 + p. 74
Read Like a Master with Context Clues
利用上下文情境猜出生字的秘訣
Tips for guessing new words or bold-type words through the use of context clues.
cf.
a master: 大師 gives a good command over the field (s)he masters (: is adept at/is good at/is at home in)
an expert: 專家
a specialist: a person who specializes in (專攻) the field (s)he studies in
cf.
import <=> export
airport
transportation
traffic rules
traffic jam or congestion
clue: 線索
the blues: 憂鬱 n.
glue: 膠水
rule: 統治 v. (control); 規則
regulation: 規範
cf.
violate: break/broke/broken
violet n.
violent adj.
contest: 小型比賽 n. v.
context: 上下文情境
competition: 大型競賽 n. => compete v. + (with/for/in)...
rival/opponent/competitor n. 對手; 競爭對手
利用上下文情境猜出生字的秘訣
Tips for guessing new words or bold-type words through the use of context clues.
Paragraph 1: p. 24
(1.1) You're reading a textbook and you come across (: run into 偶遇) a word (that) you don't recognize (認得).
(1.2) Keep ____ (read/to read/reading) before you reach for (拿; 伸手取) a dictionary.
(1.3) You can use ____ (contest/context) ___ (glues/blues/clues/rules) to figure out (: work out/find out/discover) the word's meaning (: the meaning of the word).
(1.4) Context clues appear (: show up/turn up/come up/appear/emerge) in the material (材料; 資料) around (: close to) an unfamiliar word.
(1.5) Look for (: Search for/Seek) these kinds (: types/sorts/patterns) of clues (線索).
1. Words with ____ (simile 明喻/similar) meanings.
1-1 Writers (or Authors) ___ (sometimes/sometime/some times/ some time) restate (: say something formally again) an idea (: a concept/a notion/an opinion) (while they are) using an easy (: uncomplicated word.
cf.
a conception
a misconception: a wrong belief
misunderstanding:
a situation in which two sides or more form different wrong beliefs from each other or one another
1-2 For example (: instance), "Blue whales are ____ (intensive/extensive/immense)--they're still (: much or far or even or a lot) bigger than all other animals.
1-3 Here, we can (: are able to) guess (猜) "immense" means
"very (: considerably/extremely/pretty/really/rather/quite) big."
2. Words which contain or include or cover or consists of (: Words with) opposite (相反的) meanings.
2-1 These words can (: are able to) give (: offer/tender/provide) context in the same way as the first type of clue.
2-2 So (: Therefore,/Thus,/Hence,/As a result,) if a sentence reads (: says), "Gareth is obese, but Nick is very thin (: slender/slimmer/skinny)," we can (: are able to) guess "obese" means "fat (: overweight)."
3. Words or clauses (子句) that (: which) explain (: make sth. easy to be understood outwardly explicitly) the word.
3-1 Here, an ____(expedition/exposition/exclamation/explanation) of the word follows the word itself.
3-2 For example (: For instance), "At the zoo, we saw (: noted/observed/spotted/perceived) a tapir貘 (貘四聲), a pig-like animal that is found in South America and Southeast Asia."
4. Words or clauses (子句) that provide (: offer/supply/give/tender) examples (: samples/cases/instances) of the word.
4-1 In this kind (: type/sort/pattern) of clue (線索), the meaning of the word is made (: produced) clear (: obvious/evident/apparent) by examples (: cases/instances).
4-2 Here's one: "Not to fall asleep at school, Colin used (: made use of/took advantage of) stimulants like or such as coffee."
4-3 We can (: are able to) easily guess (副動) what (: the things which 已經包括先行詞的關係代名詞) a stimulant is from this sentence!
Coffee is a stimulant which is a drink with some refreshment for us not to fall asleep in class or at school.
cf.
stimulate v.
stimulation n.
stimulant: 刺激物
stimulus: 刺激
cf.
(1) 被判死刑
be sentenced to death
death penalty
(2) 被處死
be executed to death
(3) the thumbs-up sign (which was) used by an emperor (: like a king) in ancient Rome
* gave rise to (: led to/resulted in/caused)
a misunderstanding in which the emperor spared (饒恕) someone's life
* in truth, the king wanted to let someone die rather than forgive the person
Paragraph 2: p. 25
(2.1) O.K., it is high (: right/about) time to put your knowledge into practice.
=> It is right time that you put (過去式) your knowledge into reality.
=> It's about time that you carried over your knowledge into reality.
(2.2) Try this exercise and guess the meaning of the ____ (underline/underlined/underlining) word.
CHART 1
(1) Disney movies provide (: offer/supply/give/tender) many (: a great number of/a vast number of/a large number of/a grand number of/a good number of/lots of/plenty of) examples (: instances) of classic (: typical) villains, such as Jafar from Aladdin , and The Lion King's Scar (刀疤) .
(2) Their evil (: not good) plans (: schemes 陰謀; plots) make things difficult (O.C.: adj. hard; formidable) for the heroes and make them seem (: appear) (to be) greater as a result (: 結果).
p. 74
Column A
Helpful Context:
... as mentioned.
Column B
Clues
Jafar from Aladdin, The Lion King's scar, evil plans
Column C
Possible Meanings:
a type of character (: part) that is evil.
A=> B=> C
Question: Which of the following is closest in meaning to "villains" ?
(C) Bad Guys
(A) close (: intimate) friends; bosom friends
(B) Partners
(D) Leaders
Paragraph 3: p. 25
(3.1-2) Of course. (: You bet. / You can say that again./ For sure.) The correct (right) answer is (C)!
(3.2) Villains are the bad guys in stories that try to stop (: halt/desist/deter/prevent/keep), hurt, or even kill (: murder) the good guys.
(3.3) They also pursue (: go after) evil plans of their own.
Paragraph 4: p. 25
(4.1) This sentence used (: took advantage of) examples (: instances) as context.
(4.2) Also (: Plus/Additionally/Besides/On top of that), we get (: retrieve/obtain/gain) more (pieces of) information by reading the next sentence.
(4.3) It provides further (: advanced) clues.
(4.4) There ___ (have/are) other kinds (: types/sorts/patterns) of information (that) we can look for (: search for/seek/seek for).
(4.5) For example (: instance), you should be able to tell (: distinguish/identify) what part of speech (詞性) the word belongs to (屬於; 沒有被動沒有進行).
(4.6) In this case (: example/instance/sample), "villain" is a noun.
(4.7) This will help (: assist/back up/support/aid) you work out (: figure out/find out) the meaning.
Paragraph 5: p. 25
(5.1) You can also use this chart (圖表).
(5.2) It helps you build up (: set up/develop/strengthen) information about un-familiar words.
(5.3) It will also help you remember (: learn...by heart; keep or bear or put ... in mind) them (: those unfamiliar words that you don't recognize) in the near or distant (不久的) future 將來.
CHART 2
Using today's example (: case/sample/instance): villain
Part of Speech: noun
Context Clue Type: example
Word Definition: the chief (: major/main) character in a story, movie, and so on (: and so forth; and the like/etc.).
Words with similar meanings: bad characters; bad guys; rascals 惡棍
Words with opposite meanings: heroes; good guys; saints; sacred persons
p. 26
p. 74
1. de-forest-ation
de-forest-ation 濫伐(墾)
Helpful Context: This (: Deforestation) means (that) people cut down (: felled) trees and set fires (放火) to clear them away (清除).
Clues: deforestation is a noun
* cut down trees
* set fires to trees
* clear away trees
Possible Meanings: the act (行為) of cutting down trees or setting fires in order to (: so as to)
clear away trees.
2. agriculture
Helpful Context: They can use this land to grow crops (種植農作物) or
raise (養育) farm animals.
Clues: agriculture is a noun
* grow or plant crops
* raise farm animals
Possible Meaning: something about growing crops or raising farm animals
The meaning of the words:
1. "deforestation": the act of clearing away trees in an area (: region/part 地區)
2. "agriculture": the practice (實踐; 慣例) of farming
p. 26
The World Watches as (: when) the Amazon Burns
watches: sees/notes/notices/observes/perceives
as: when
burns 燃燒
the amazon: noun => area/part/region
(1.1) This summer, 76,000 fires burned in the "Amazon rainforest in Brazil. This is an increase of 80% from 2018.
(1.2) Summer is the Amazon's dry season, but the main cause (: reason) of the fires is deforestation.
(1.3) This means (that) people cut down trees and set fires to clear them (: trees) away.
(1.4) They can then (: in turn) use this (piece of ) land (in the Amazon) to grow crops or raise farm animals.
(1.5) Jair Bolsonaro, Brazil's president, wants (: longs/desires) to improve (: make...better/better off) Brazil's economy (經濟) through (透過) agriculture.
(1.6) Because of (: Due to/Owing to/On account of) this (: an improvement of economy through agriculture), there are now fewer laws (法條) protecting (: securing/assuring/ensuring) the rainforest.
de-forest-ation 濫伐(墾)
Helpful Context: This (: Deforestation) means (that) people cut down (: felled) trees and set fires (放火) to clear them away (清除).
Clues: deforestation is a noun
* cut down trees
* set fires to trees
* clear away trees
Possible Meanings: the act (行為) of cutting down trees or setting fires in order to (: so as to)
clear away trees.
2. agriculture
Helpful Context: They can use this land to grow crops (種植農作物) or
raise (養育) farm animals.
Clues: agriculture is a noun
* grow or plant crops
* raise farm animals
Possible Meaning: something about growing crops or raising farm animals
The meaning of the words:
1. "deforestation": the act of clearing away trees in an area (: region/part 地區)
2. "agriculture": the practice (實踐; 慣例) of farming
